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In this paper, we study optimal asset allocation and benefit outgo policies of DC (defined contribution) pension plan. We extend He and Liang model (2013a,b) to describe dynamics of individual fund scale during distribution period. The fund scale is affected by investment return, benefit outgo and mortality credit. The management of the pension plan controls the asset allocation and benefit outgo policies to achieve the objective of pension members. The goal of the management is to minimize accumulated deviations between the actual benefit outgo and a pre-set target during the whole distribution period. The performance function (criterion) is the weighted average of the square and linear deviations to express more penalty on negative deviation than positive deviation. Using HJB (Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman) equations and variational inequality methods, the closed-forms of the optimal policies are derived. The counterintuitive effect of the optimal proportion allocated in the risky asset with respect to the fund scale is also derived, and the optimal benefit outgo has the form of the spread method. Moreover, we use Monte Carlo Methods (MCM) to analyze economic behaviors of the optimal asset allocation and benefit outgo policies. 相似文献
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Emma Kushtina Oleg Zaikin Przemysław Różewski Bartłomiej Małachowski 《European Journal of Operational Research》2009
The decision about curriculum modification usually takes place at the knowledge level, mainly with consideration of individual academic staff competences and qualifications. However, traditional approaches to cost estimation of curriculum modification are focused on material resources only. In this paper we present a cost estimation method and decision model for curriculum modification in educational organizations. The proposed method works at the knowledge level and employs competence sets as knowledge representation models in educational organizations. Authors used the theory of hierarchical, multilevel systems in order to define the model of the decision-making process of curriculum modification and its dimension. Basing on this and also using a fuzzy competence model the cost estimation algorithm in the form of a group competences expansion algorithm is proposed. The algorithm focuses on the cost of staff competence expansion caused by the knowledge development process. 相似文献
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从教学内容、教学方法、实验实践环节、考核方式等角度,深入分析了《聚合物成型加工》课程的教学现状,并在此基础上指出,目前单纯的理论教学与人才培养目标相悖,缺乏系统性的实验实践教学体系和多样化的课程考核方式。《聚合物成型加工》实践教学体系改革本着培养应用型人才的原则,从实际生产问题和研发前沿问题入手,由原来单纯的课堂教学模式改为课堂教学与实践环节相结合;考核也改为"书面作业+调研报告+项目答辩+实践操作+考试"的综合考核形式;并设计了系统性的创新实践环节,使学生在掌握课程所学基础知识的同时,可以独立的根据制品性能和使用要求,进行合理的聚合物成型物料配制,选择合适的成型加工方法,利用实验室及产学研实践基地的加工条件自己动手将聚合物原材料做成制品。 相似文献
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Massey University is a world-leading university in remote-instruction, online and mixed teaching based on the Stream teaching platform. This paper analyzed the advantages of the Stream teaching platform, resource utilization, course format, teaching team cooperation and course evaluation in Massey University. The paper also analyzed the enlightenment of teaching experience of Massey University to undergraduate teaching. During the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic, drawing on Massey's experience, combined with the rapid development of information technology in China, the teaching team of organic chemistry adopted the multi-teaching strategy of "teacher-centered and student-centered", and the teaching mode of "teacher-led and self-taught by students". The online teaching practice of organic chemistry was carried out in agriculture university. It has been demonstrated that this model can effectively improve teaching effects. 相似文献
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Karolina E. Mellor Philip Coish Bryan W. Brooks Evan P. Gallagher Margaret Mills Terrance J. Kavanagh 《Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews》2018,11(2):103-110
Green chemistry can strongly attract students to chemistry. We, therefore, developed a green chemistry educational game that motivates students at the undergraduate and advanced high school levels to consider green chemistry and sustainability concerns as they design a hypothetical, chemical product. The game is intended for incorporation into any chemistry course for majors and non-majors that teaches sustainability and/or the Principles of Green Chemistry at the undergraduate level. The game is free of charge and encourages students to think like professional chemical designers and to develop a chemical product with respect to function and improved human and environmental health. This computer simulation has been assessed by educators and can be seamlessly integrated into an existing curriculum. 相似文献
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